December 16, 2020 Issue, Page 4 of 12

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Agriculture December 16, 2020 Houseplants in Winter During the winter months er. Humidity can also be lower. 1 to 2 inches larger in diameter can Violet. Drapes should be + Window facing north + Flowering indoor plants re- our attention often turns to To avoid these problems locate than the pot in which the plant left open during the day where quire 14-16 hours of light per plants growing indoors. Like plants away from doorways is currently growing. houseplants are being grown; If the room is not naturally day. most plants outdoors, many or the heater registers. Plants Providing Adequate Light however, be careful not to al- lit, artificial lights should be plants indoors also go into grow best at temperatures for Houseplants - Adequate low the plants’ leaves to touch used. A 100-watt table lamp + Foliage indoor plants re- a rest stage. This rest stage between 65°F to 75°F and a water and light are the two the glass of the window. can be used about three feet quire 10-12 hours of light per usually shows up as reduced humidity of 50 to 60 percent. most crucial requirements for Properties of Light Intensity above plants. Specially built day. growth and in some cases the Temperatures are usually eas- growing plants indoors. Of (Brightness) - Plants have dif- fluorescent plant lights or For more information see loss of some leaves. This rest ier to control, but controlling these, light is usually the limit- ferent requirements for light plant flood lamps are available. fact sheet HLA-6411 House- stage is a result of the shorter humidity is more challenging. ing factor, especially in rooms intensity. Desert plants, such Fluorescent lamps are a days and reduced light levels Humidity levels of 50 to 60 where outside windows are as cacti, require very high lev- good source of light for grow- plant Care. inside the home. percent are higher than what small, face the north, or not els of light; whereas, most ing plants because they distrib- During this period plants most people like. Control hu- present. Growing under lights tropical foliage and flowering ute light uniformly across the CONTACT: Greg Hartman| won't need too much water midity with a humidifier or by relies on the intensity, quality, plants require medium levels lamp and over lamp life. Plants Beckham County OSU Extension andlittle to no fertilizer. When setting pots on a tray of moist and quantity of light produced of light. Plants are generally can be grown very close to the Center| a plant seems to be struggling gravel or pebbles. Do not allow by fluorescent lamps. segregated into the following lamps without heat damage. (580) 928-2139 | greghart- most people have a tendency the water to touch the bottom Very few plants tolerate categories based on their light However, intensity rapidly de- to add more water or fertilizer, of the pot, as water would then dark corners. Most house- requirement and intensity as creases as distance from the maneokstate.edu but this could lead to further be wicked into the potting me- plants require the light that expressed in foot-candles (ft lamp increases. Fluorescent problems. Unless your plants dium and keep the plant too would be found within four ©). One foot-candle is defined lamps are usually suspended Oklahoma State University, are growing under near green- wet. A transparent polyeth- to eight feet of a bright south as the light produced by a sin- a few inches above the plant in compliance with Title VI and house conditions, water only ylene bag can be draped over window. Some will tolerate a gle candle’s flame as measured leaves. Either fluorescent or in- when the top % inch of potting plants that are extremely hu- spot very near the window, at a distance of one foot. candescent plant lights are sat- VII of the Civil Rights Act of soil is dry and avoid adding midity sensitive or are in poor while others will prefer less isfactory for growing plants. 1964, Executive Order 11246 fertilizer. condition, light some distance away. Too Sunny or very high (+1000 Quality (Color) - Plant as amended, Title IX of the Edu- Another problem that arises This is also a good time to little light can result in tall, ft) growth lights produce most cation Amendments of 1972, during the winter months is see if plants are root-bound lanky, small-leafed plants. Too + Areas receiving at least 5 of their light in the blue, red, Americans with Disabilities Act of exposure to cold drafts or the too. If they are root bound, much light can cause leafburn hours of direct sunlight in win- and far red regions. Blue light dry, blasting air from the heat- plant them in a pot that is only on sensitive species like Afri- ter provides energy for photosyn- 1990, and other federal laws and + Window facing southeast, thesis. Red and far-red light regulations, does not discriminate south, or southwest are important for flower initia- on the basis of race, color, national Semi-sunny or high (500- Passive immunity status of + direct tion. Standard “cool white” flu- origin, sex, age, religion, disability, orescent lamps produce light 1000 ft c) or status as @ veteran in any of its Areas receiving 2-5 hours in the lower visible spectrum, sunlight per day in ite. blue to green to orange, policies, practices or procedures. and long-term health and Semi-shady or medium andCombining thus will satisfy the light two of the plant winter admissions, employment, finan- + Window facing east or west requirements of many plants. This includes but is not limited to cial aid, and educational services. growth lamps with two, cool performance of calves (150-500 ft c) + Areas having bright, open white lamps will provide good References within this publication light, but little or no direct spectral distribution. to any specific commercial product, Quantity (Duration) - The in- process, or service by trade name, sunlight You have heard the warn- died prior to weaning. Calves trum replacers to calves that + Obstructed window facing tensity of light cast on plants’ trademark, service mark, manu- ing: “What happens in Las with “inadequate” passive im- do not receive it in adequate east or west leaves and the duration are facturer, or otherwise does not Vegas, stays in Las Vegas!!!” munity had a 5.4 times greater quantities on their own. Re- Shady or low (<150 ft c) important to the maintenance constitute or imply endorsement + Areas receiving no direct and growth of those plants. Perhaps you have not heard: risk of death prior to weaning, member that most of the sunlight, but having enough + Seedlings require 16 hours by Oklahoma Cooperative Exten- “What happens in the first 6.4 times greater risk of being transfer of antibodies from co- light to cast a shadow of light per day. sion Service. 24 hours, impacts the rest of sick during the first 28 days of lostrum to the calf happens in a calf’s life”! Veterinary sci- life, and 3.2 times greater risk the first 6 hours. ‘The first day entists, while with the USDA experiment station at Clay of being sick any time prior to weaning when compared to calves with “adequate” passive sets the stage for the rest of his life. (Source: Wittum and Plan now for colostrum needs this spring Center, Nebraska monitored Perino, 1995. Amer. Jour. Of health events and growth per- transfer. Based on 24-hour Vet. Research. 56:1149). formance in a population of proteins (most of which are range beef calves in order to antibodies or immunoglobu- identify associations of pro- lins) in the blood, the risk of CONTACT: Greg Hartman| Beckham County OSU Extension It is not too soon to begin to Natural colostrum is still A practical "rule-of-thumb" duction factors with baby calf being sick in the feedlot was Center| prepare for the spring calving considered the best source of is to feed 5 to 6% of the calf's passive immune status. “Pas- also three times greater for (580) 928-2139 | greg.hart- season. Locating, obtaining, the immunoglobulins for dis- body weight within the first sive immunity” is the receiv- “Inadequate” compared to and storing several doses of co- ease protection for the calf. 6 hours and repeat the feed- ing of antibodies from the “Adequate” calves. [email protected] lostrum or colostrum replacer If there is still a dairy in your ing when the calf is about 12 mother’s colostrum, At this Passive immune status will come in handy before the area, the opportunity may ex- hours old. For an 80-pound stage of life, the only disease- was also indirectly associated Oklahoma State University, in first heifers start to go into ist to obtain some natural co- calf, this will equate to approx- fighting antibodies a baby calf with growth rates through its compliance with Title VI and VIL labor. Calves born after a dif- lostrum from newly freshened imately 2 quarts of colostrum has is via “passive immunity.” effects on calf health. Sick- ofthe Civil Rights Act of 1964, Ex- ficult birth are at a high risk of dairy cows. Avoid obtaining per feeding. Consequently, if Blood samples were col- ness during the first 28 days ecutive Order 11246 as amended, failing to receive adequate co- colostrum from dairies that the calf is quite large (about lected at 24 hours after calv- of life was associated with Title IX ofthe Education Amend- lostrum by natural suckling be- are known to have had an in- 100 pounds), then the amount ing from 263 crossbred calves a 35-pound lower expected ments of 1972, Americans with cause of greatly decreased co- cidence of “Johnes Disease”. of colostrum will need to be to determine the amount of weaning weight. Respiratory Disabilities Act of 1990, and oth- Jostrum intake. Calves that are Take time to visit with a lo- passive maternal immunity disease in the feedlot resulted er federal laws and regulations, increased accordingly to 2 % born to a prolonged stage II of cal large animal veterinarian quarts per feeding. that had been obtained from ina .09 Ib lower expected aver- does not discriminate on the basis parturition (delivery through about avoiding the introduc- colostrum. Colostrum is the age daily gain. Not many beef cow opera- of race, color, national origin, sex, the pelvic canal) very often suf- tion of “Johnes Disease” into tions have a dairy nearby or first milk produced by a cow ‘Thus, passive immunity ob- age, religion, disability, or status fer from severe respiratory aci- your herd. are willing to try to milk out upon giving birth. The baby tained from colostrum was an as a veteran in any of its policies, dosis. Acidotic calves are less Fresh colostrum can be a beef cow that has lost a calf. calves were classified with “In- important factor determining efficient at absorbing colostral stored in 1-quart doses by put- practices or procedures. This in- If there is no source of natu- adequate” or “Adequate” Pas- the health of calves both pre- cludes but is not limited to admis- immunoglobulins even if arti- ting that much (1 quart) in a ral colostrum available, go to sive Immune status based on and post-weaning, and indi- ficially fed colostrum. The only gallon-size re-sealable plastic that blood sample at 24 hours rectly influenced calf growth sions, employment, financial aid, veterinary supply store and disease protection baby calves bag. Lay the bags flat to freeze purchase a few doses of acom- of age. Growth performance rate during the same peri- and educational services. Refer- will receive is via the passive in the freezer. When it is time mercial colostrum “replacer”. and health events in the study ods. ‘Therefore, the cow calf ences within this publication to transfer of antibodies (immu- to thaw the colostrum, it will population were monitored producers can help themselves any specific commercial product, noglobulins) from the colos- be easier and quicker to thaw, Colostrum replacers will con- from birth to weaning, and and the future owners of their process, or service by trade name, trum that they ingest. There- compared to 2 quarts or more tain greater than 100 grams after weaning throughout the calves, by properly growing re- trademark, service mark, manu- fore, effort should be made to in a big frozen chunk. ‘The of immunoglobulin per dose. feedlot phase. placement heifers, providing a facturer, or otherwise does not provide weak newborn calves amount of immunoglobulin Make certain to read the label The lowest levels of pas- good health program for cows constitute or imply endorsement with the best source of colos- ingested is also a major de- before purchasing. Colostrum sive immunity were observed and heifers, and providing by Oklahoma Cooperative Exten- trum available via bottle suck- terminant of final blood im- replacers may seem expensive, among calves that were sick or natural or commercial colos- sion Service. ling or tube feeding. munoglobulin concentration. but the value of a live calf at weaning strongly suggests that every effort to keep all of them alive is worth the investment. Sorting myths from truths in tree care CONTACT: Greg Hartman| Beckham County OSU Extension Center| Myth #1: Before planting planting, but be sure to remove but do feed on them. Ants ac- wound paint applied to aid in compliance with Title VI and (580) 928-2139 | greghart- a tree, prune living branches, stakes in six to 12 months. tually help slow decay in trees healing. VII of the Civil Rights Act of [email protected] so the crown size is in balance Myth #4: A thick mulch layer as they keep the galleries in Truth: Tree wound paint 1964, Executive Order 11246 with the root ball. is good for trees. their nests clean. does not prevent rot and in Truth; It is not recommend- Truth: Roots will begin to Myth #7: Tree wounds can some cases promotes it by seal- as amended, Title IX of the Edu- Oklahoma State University, ed to remove any live branch- grow into mulch that is too heal. ing in moisture. Do not paint cation Amendments of 1972, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of es when planting trees. Live deep. During hot days the Truth: Healing is the repair wounds or pruning cuts. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 twigs, branches, and trunks mulch will dry out before the of damaged tissue. Trees can- Myth #10: Make pruning 1990, and other federal laws and as amended, Title IX of the Edu- contain reserve stored energy soil below it, and since those not heal damaged tissue. In- cuts flush with remaining in the form of starch or oil. Re- roots cannot obtain water, the stead they wall off damaged ar- branch or trunk. regulations, does not discriminate cation Amendments of 1972, moving them reduces energy tree suffers. Mulch should be eas from healthy areas through Truth: Flush cuts destroy on the basis of race, color, national Americans with Disabilities Act of reserves. Remove only dead only two to three inches deep. a process known as compart- the tree cells that seal off the origin, sex, age, religion, disability, 1990, and other federal laws and and injured branches before Myth #5: Trees continuously mentalization. This is their wound from the healthy part of or status as a veteran in any of its regulations, does not discriminate planting. grow forming wood from bud defense mechanism. The dam- the tree. Pruning cuts should policies, practices or procedures. on the basis of race, color, national Myth #2: Planting trees deep break to leaf drop. aged tissue (decay) will remain be made on the outside of the origin, sex, age, religion, disability, encourages strong, deep roots. Truth: Ninety percent of an- isolated within the tree for life. branch collar. The branch col- or status as a veteran in any ofits This includes but is not limited to Truth: Never plant any nual tree growth occurs six to Evidence of this is seen when a lar is identified by a raised ring admissions, employment, finan- policies, practices or procedures. plant, tree or otherwise, deep- eight weeks after leaves are felled tree is examined. of bark that is formed when cial aid, and educational services. ‘This includes but is not limited to er than the top of its root ball. formed. Early spring defolia~ Myth #8: Topping is good for trunk and branch bark meet References within this publication admissions, employment, finan- Improper planting is the No. 1 tion by disease or insects usu- trees. and push up slightly. cial aid, and educational services. cause for tree and shrub death. ally will not kill a tree but will Truth: After planting too to any specific commercial product, References within this publication Myth #3: Always stake trees have a major impact on that deep, topping is the next ma- CONTACT: Greg Hartman| process, or service by trade name, to any specific commercial product, after planting. year's growth. jor cause for tree decline and Beckham County OSU Extension trademark, service mark, manu- process, or service by trade name, Truth: Trees will be stronger Myth #6: Ants contribute to death. Topping creates weak- Center| facturer, or otherwise does not trademark, service mark, manu- if not staked. The movement of tree decay. ened, stressed trees that are (580) 928-2139 | greg.hart- constitute or imply endorsement facturer, or otherwise does not young trees by wind strength- Truth: Ants make nests in unsafe. Never top trees. [email protected] constitute or imply endorsement ens them. If the planting site trees but do not feed on them. Myth #9: Wounds and hy OKahoma Cooperative Exten- by Oklahoma Cooperative Exten- is constantly windy, stake after Termites do not nest in trees, pruning cuts should have tree Oklahoma State University, sion Service. sion Service.